Seguimiento Funcional hasta Seis Meses después de Sobrevivir a Cuidados Intensivos: Lecciones aprendidas de un Estudio Chileno Multicéntrico / Functional follow-up six months after surviving intensive care: lessons learned from a Chilean multicenter study

Introducción. Las tasas de retención en los estudios de seguimiento oscilan entre el 32 y 100%, demostrando el desafío que implica realizar estudios longitudinales de sobrevivientes de la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Objetivo. Identificar las estrategias implementadas y lecciones aprendidas en un estudio prospectivo multicéntrico de seguimiento de sobrevivientes de la UCI durante la pandemia. Métodos. Estudio post-hoc de las lecciones aprendidas mediante encuestas y entrevistas dirigidas a explorar la experiencia de los investigadores y coordinadores del estudio IMPACCT COVID-19, realizado en siete centros chilenos entre octubre 2020 y abril 2021 evaluando el síndrome post-cuidados intensivos de sobrevivientes hasta seis meses después. Resultados. Identificamos ocho lecciones: 1) selección de instrumentos de medición, 2) identificación de centros participantes, 3) aprobación del estudio, 4) financiamiento, 5) capacitación de evaluadores, 6) coordinación/aseguramiento de calidad, 7) reclutamiento y 8) seguimiento de pacientes. Incluso durante el primer año de pandemia, reclutamos 252 pacientes a una tasa de 1,4 pacientes/día con una retención del 48% a los 6 meses de seguimiento. El uso de redes académicas existentes y las estrategias de comunicación entre investigadores, coordinadores y evaluadores fueron aspectos positivos; mientras que la fidelización con evaluadores al egreso de la UCI y con pacientes durante el seguimiento son aspectos que deberían considerarse en futuros estudios. Conclusiones. Se evaluaron más de 250 pacientes en seis meses durante la pandemia, con tasas de retención post UCI acorde a la literatura. Futuros estudios debiesen optimizar los procesos de medición y de seguimiento para minimizar la pérdida de pacientes.

Background. Retention rates of follow-up studies range from 32 to 100%, demonstrating the challenge to conduct longitudinal studies of intensive care unit (ICU) survivors. Objective. To identify the strategies implemented and lessons learned in a multicenter prospective follow-up study of ICU survivors during pandemic times. Methods. Post-hoc study of lessons learned through surveys and interviews aimed at exploring the experience of the researchers and coordinators of the IMPACCT COVID-19 study. The original study was performed in seven Chilean sites between October 2020 and April 2021 evaluating the post-intensive care syndrome of survivors up to six-month follow-up. Results. We identified eight lessons: 1) selection of measurement instruments, 2) identification of participating sites, 3) Study approval, 4) funding, 5) evaluators training, 6) coordination/quality assurance, 7) recruitment, and 8) patient follow-up. Even during the first year of the pandemic, we recruited 252 patients at a rate of 1.4 patients/day with a retention rate of 48% at 6 months of follow-up. The use of existing academic networks and communication strategies between researchers, coordinators and evaluators were positive aspects; while evaluators fidelity at ICU discharge and patient engagement during follow-up are aspects should be considered. Conclusions. More than 250 patients were evaluated in six months during the pandemic, with post-ICU retention rates consistent with the literature. Future studies should optimize measurement and monitoring processes to minimize patient atrition.

Concordancia entre las ecuaciones de estimación del filtrado glomerular y el aclaramiento de creatinina en orina de 4horas en pacientes críticos con trauma grave / Concordance between glomerular filtration rate estimation equations and 4-hour urinary creatinine clearance in critically ill patients with severe trauma

Antecedentes y objetivo: Cada vez hay más estudios que evidencian que las ecuaciones utilizadas para conocer la tasa de filtrado glomerular estimada (TFGe) no son adecuadas para los pacientes críticos en los que se producen continuas variaciones del filtrado glomerular (FG). El método más práctico para aproximarse al estudio del FG es el cálculo del aclaramiento de creatinina (ClCr) en periodos de recogida de orina variables. El objetivo del estudio fue observar el comportamiento de las ecuaciones empleadas para estimar el filtrado glomerular cuando se aplican a la subpoblación de pacientes críticos ingresados por trauma grave y comparar el ClCr en orina recogida en un periodo de 4horas (ClCr-4h). Material y métodos: Estudio observacional que incluye pacientes ingresados por trauma grave. Se calculó el ClCr-4h y se determinó la TFGe mediante las ecuaciones de Cockcroft-Gault, Jelliffe modificada, MDRD, t-MDRD y CKD-EPI. Los resultados se expresan referidos a superficie corporal (ml/min/1,73m2). Los análisis se realizaron con el software estadístico R versión 4.0.4. Resultados: Se incluyeron 85 pacientes. La edad mediana de los pacientes fue de 51años; 68 pacientes fueron varones (78,82%). El ClCr-4h ajustado a superficie corporal (ClCr-4h ml/min/1,73m2) medio fue de 84,5ml/min/1,73m2. Hallamos correlación estadísticamente significativa de ClCr-4h/1,73m2 con la TFGe por t-MDRD. Para ClCr-4h/1,73m2 mayores de 130ml/min/m2 la ecuación de Cockcroft-Gault identifica a los pacientes correctamente de una forma estadísticamente significativa. Conclusiones: El cálculo de ClCr en el entorno de UCI proporciona datos fiables del FG, no siendo adecuado el uso de ecuaciones estimativas.(AU)

Background and objective: There is a growing body of evidence that the equations used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are not suitable in critically ill patients, a population whose GFR fluctuates continuously. Glomerular filtration is usually estimated by measuring urine creatinine clearance (CrCl) at various time points. The aim of our study was to evaluate the performance of the most widely used GFR calculators in the subpopulation of critically ill patients admitted for severe trauma, and to compare the results against determinations of CrCl in urine collected over a 4-hour period (4h-CrCl). Material and methods: Observational study in patients hospitalized for severe trauma. We measured the 4h-CrCl and estimated GFR using the Cockcroft-Gault, modified Jelliffe, MDRD, t-MDRD, and CKD-EPI equations, adjusting the results for body surface area (BSA) (ml/min/1.73m2). Data were analysed using R version 4.0.4. Results: A total of 85 patients were included. Median age was 51years, and 68 were men (78.82%). The mean BSA-adjusted 4h-CrCl (4h-ClCr/1.73m2) was 84.5ml/min/1.73m2. We found that GFR estimated using the t-MDRD equation correlated significantly with 4h-CrCl/1.73m2. The Cockcroft-Gault equation correlated significantly with 4h-CrCl/1.73m2 when GFR was greater than 130ml/min/m2. Conclusions: In ICU patients, glomerular filtration can be reliably estimated by determining urine CrCl, but GFR calculators are not accurate in this population.(AU)

Concordance between glomerular filtration rate estimation equations and 4-hour urinary creatinine clearance in critically ill patients with severe trauma.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: There is a growing body of evidence that the equations used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are not suitable in critically ill patients, a population whose GFR fluctuates continuously. Glomerular filtration is usually estimated by measuring urine creatinine clearance (CrCl) at various time points. The aim of our study was to evaluate the performance of the most widely used GFR calculators in the subpopulation of critically ill patients admitted for severe trauma, and to compare the results against determinations of CrCl in urine collected over a 4-h period (4h-CrCl). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational study in patients hospitalized for severe trauma. We measured the 4h-CrCl and estimated GFR using the Cockcroft-Gault, modified Jelliffe, MDRD, t-MDRD, and CKD-EPI equations, adjusting the results for body surface area (BSA) (ml/min/1.73m2). Data were analysed using R version 4.0.4. RESULTS: A total of 85 patients were included. Median age was 51 years, and 68 were men (78.82%). The mean BSA-adjusted 4h-CrCl (4h-ClCr/1.73m2) was 84.5 ml/min/1.73m2. We found that GFR estimated using the t-MDRD equation correlated significantly with 4h-CrCl/1.73m2. The Cockcroft-Gault equation correlated significantly with 4h-CrCl/1.73m2 when GFR was greater than 130ml/min/m2. CONCLUSIONS: In ICU patients, glomerular filtration can be reliably estimated by determining urine CrCl, but GFR calculators are not accurate in this population.

Debilidad neuromuscular del paciente crítico post covid-19: resultados de recuperación funcional en dos centros de tercer nivel / Neuromuscular weakness in the critically post COVID-19 patient: functional recovery results in two third-level Centers

Resumen Introducción : La efectividad de las terapias de reha bilitación física sobre los pacientes que requirieron ven tilación mecánica prolongada y egresaron de Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) con debilidad neuromuscular post COVID-19 se conoce principalmente en el perio do agudo. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la recuperación funcional en personas con debilidad neuromuscular post UCI por COVID-19 admitidas a rehabilitación. Métodos : Estudio retrospectivo que incluyó a 42 pa cientes con debilidad neuromuscular post COVID-19, de dos centros de rehabilitación de tercer nivel, desde abril de 2020 hasta abril de 2022. Resultados : Encontramos diferencias estadísticamen te significativas entre las valoraciones funcionales de ingreso y alta. La Medida de Independencia Funcional (FIM) mejoró de 49 [41-57] a 107 [94-119] (p < 0.001). La escala de Berg de 4 [1-6] a 47 [36-54] (p < 0.001), el test de 6 minutos de 0 [0-0] a 254 [167-400] (p < 0.001), y el test de 10 metros de 0 [0-0] a 0.83 [0.4-1.2] (p < 0.001). No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la puntuación total al ingreso y al alta de las evaluaciones funcionales con la edad y la complejidad respiratoria. Discusión : El tratamiento para la recuperación fun cional en un centro de tercer nivel y larga duración, sería beneficioso para personas con grave debilidad neuromuscular post UCI a causa del COVID-19, a pesar que el 43% no alcanzó el nivel de movilidad previo. La edad y la complejidad respiratoria son variables que no impactaron en la recuperación final.

Abstract Introduction : The effectiveness of physical rehabi litation therapies on patients who required prolonged mechanical ventilation and were discharged from the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with post-COVID-19 neuro muscular weakness is known in the acute period. The objective of this study was to characterize the functional recovery in people hospitalized with post-ICU neuro muscular weakness due to COVID-19 admitted to rehab. Methods : Retrospective study which included 42 patients with post-COVID-19 neuromuscular weakness, who were admitted to two tertiary care rehabilitation centers, from April 2020 to April 2022. Results : We found statistically significant differen ces between the functional evaluations of admission and discharge. The Functional Independence Measure improved from 49 [41-57] a 107 [94-119] (p < 0.001). The Berg scale from 4 [1-6] a 47 [36-54] (p < 0.001), the 6-mi nute test from 0 [0-0] a 254 [167-400] (p < 0.001), and 421 the 10-meter test from 0 [0-0] a 0.83 [0.4-1.2] (p < 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences bet ween the admission and discharge total score of the functional assessments with age and respiratory com plexity. Discussion : Treatment for functional recovery in a tertiary and long-term center is beneficial for people with severe post-ICU neuromuscular weakness due to COVID-19, even though 43% did not reach the previous level of mobility. Age and respiratory complexity are variables that did not impact the final recovery.

Role of ultrasound in acute respiratory failure and in the weaning of mechanical ventilation.

Comprehensive ultrasound assessment has become an essential tool to facilitate the diagnosis and therapeutic management of critically ill patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF). There is evidence supporting the use of ultrasound for the diagnosis of pneumothorax, acute respiratory distress syndrome, cardiogenic pulmonary edema, pneumonia and acute pulmonary thromboembolism, and in patients with COVID-19. In addition, in recent years, the use of ultrasound to evaluate responses to treatment in critically ill patients with ARF has been developed, providing a noninvasive tool for titrating positive end-expiratory pressure, monitoring recruitment maneuvers and response to prone position, as well as for facilitating weaning from mechanical ventilation. The objective of this review is to summarize the basic concepts on the utility of ultrasound in the diagnosis and monitoring of critically ill patients with ARF.

Impact of the “Zero Resistance” program on acquisition of multidrug-resistant bacteria in patients admitted to Intensive Care Units in Spain. A prospective, intervention, multimodal, multicenter study / Impacto del Proyecto “Resistencia Zero” en la adquisición de bacterias multirresistentes en pacientes ingresados en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos en España. Estudio de intervención, multimodal y multicéntrico

Objective To assess the impact of a multimodal interventional project (“Zero Resistance”) on the acquisition of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR-B) during the patient’s ICU stay. Design Prospective, open-label, interventional, multicenter study. Setting 103 ICUs. Patients Critically ill patients admitted to the ICUs over a 27-month period. Interventions Implementation of a bundle of 10 recommendations to prevent emergence and spread of MDR-B in the ICU. Main variable of interest Rate of patients acquiring MDR-B during their ICU stay, with differentiation between colonization and infection. Results A total of 139,505 patients were included. In 5409 (3.9%) patients, 6020 MDR-B on ICU admission were identified, and in 3648 (2.6%) patients, 4269 new MDR-B during ICU stay were isolated. The rate of patients with MDR-B detected on admission increased significantly (IRR 1.43, 95% CI 1.31–1.56) (p<0.001) during the study period, with an increase of 32.2% between the initial and final monthly rates. On the contrary, the rate of patients with MDR-B during ICU stay decreased non-significantly (IRR 0.93, 95% CI 0.83–1.03) (p=0.174), with a 24.9% decrease between initial and final monthly rates. According to the classification into colonization or infection, there was a highly significant increase of MDR-B colonizations detected on admission (IRR 1.69, 95% CI 1.52–1.83; p<0.0001) and a very significant decrease of MDR-B-infections during ICU stay (IRR 0.67, 95% CI 0.57–0.80, p<0.0001). Conclusions The implementation of ZR project-recommendations was associated with a significantly reduction an infection produced by MDR-B acquired during the patient’s ICU stay (AU)

Objetivo Evaluar el impacto de un proyecto de intervención multimodal (“Resistencia Zero”, RZ) en la adquisición de bacterias multirresistentes (BMR) durante la estancia en UCI. Diseño Estudio prospectivo, abierto, intervencionista, multicéntrico. Ámbito 103 UCI. Pacientes Pacientes críticos ingresados en UCI, durante un período de 27 meses. Intervenciones Implementación de un paquete de 10 recomendaciones para prevenir la aparición y propagación de BMR en UCI. Principal variable de interés Tasa de pacientes que adquieren BMR durante su estancia en UCI, diferenciando entre colonización e infección. Resultados Se incluyeron 139.505 pacientes. En 5.409(3,9%), se identificaron 6.020 BMR al ingreso y en 3.648(2,6%), se aislaron 4.269 nuevas BMR durante la estancia en UCI. La tasa de pacientes con BMR detectadas al ingreso aumentó significativamente (IRR 1,43, IC 95% 1,31–1,56) (p<0,001) durante el periodo de estudio, con un incremento del 32,2% entre las tasas mensuales inicial y final. Por el contrario, la tasa de pacientes con BMR detectadas durante la estancia en UCI disminuyó, no significativamente (IRR 0,93, IC 95% 0,83–1,03) (p=0,174), con una disminución del 24,9% entre las tasas mensuales iniciales y finales. Según la clasificación en colonización o infección, hubo un aumento significativo de colonizaciones por BMR detectadas al ingreso (IR 1,69, IC 95% 1,52–1,83; p<0,0001) y una disminución significativa de infecciones producidas por BMR adquiridas durante la estancia en UCI (IR 0,67, IC 95% 0,57–0,80, p<0,0001). Conclusiones La implementación de las recomendaciones del proyecto RZ se asoció con una reducción significativa de pacientes con infecciones por BMR adquiridas en UCI (AU)

Feeding intolerance during prolonged prone position in overweight and obese patients with severe COVID-19 / Intolerancia a la alimentación durante el prono prolongado en pacientes con COVID-19 y sobrepeso y obesidad

Objective: the aim of this study was to compare the incidence rate of feeding intolerance (FI) during supine (SP) or prone positioning (PP) in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Methods: this was a retrospective cohort study of critically ill patients with overweight or obesity who received enteral nutrition (EN) in prone or supine positioning continuously during the first five days of mechanical ventilation. Nutritional risk, anthropometric measurements and body composition were assessed at the first 24 hours upon Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission. Biochemical and clinical variables (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment [SOFA], Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II [APACHE II], Acute Kidney Injury [AKI] or comorbidities diagnosis) were collected. Pharmacotherapy (prokinetics, sedatives or neuromuscular blocking agents) and FI incidence (gastric residual volume [GRV] ≥ 200 ml or ≥ 500 ml, vomiting or diarrhea) were daily recorded. Constipation was defined as the absence of evacuation for five consecutive days. Results: eighty-two patients were included. Higher rate of prophylactic prokinetic prescription was observed in PP (42.8 vs 12.5 %, p = 0.002). GRV ≥ 200 in supine position was not different when compared to PP (p = 0.47). Vomiting episodes in supine compared to PP showed no difference between groups (15 % vs 24 %, p = 0.31). No differences in diarrhea events were detected (10 % vs 4.7 %, p = 0.36). Constipation was common in both groups (95 % vs 82 %, p = 0.06). Conclusion: FI during prone position was not different in comparison to supine position. Routinely use of prokinetics in continuous prone position may help to prevent FI incidence. Algorithm development is necessary for FI prevention and treatment so to avoid EN interruptions and adverse clinical outcomes. (AU)

Objetivo: comparar la incidencia de intolerancia a la alimentación entre pacientes críticos en posición supino (PS) o prono (PP). Métodos: cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes bajo ventilación mecánica por distrés respiratorio por COVID-19 y sobrepeso y obesidad, quienes recibieron nutrición enteral (NE) en PP o PS. Se evaluaron riesgo nutricional, mediciones antropométricas y composición corporal en las primeras 24 horas de ingreso a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI). Se recolectaron variables bioquímicas y clínicas (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment [SOFA], Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II [APACHE II], lesión renal aguda y otras comorbilidades). Se registró el esquema de farmacoterapia prescrita durante los primeros cinco días (procinéticos, sedantes y bloqueadores neuromusculares). Se evaluó la incidencia de intolerancia a la alimentación, definida como la presencia de residuo gástrico (RG) ≥ 200 o ≥ 500 ml, vómito, diarrea o estreñimiento. Resultados: fueron incluidos 82 pacientes. Se observó una mayor prescripción de procinéticos como terapia profiláctica en PP (42,8 vs. 12,5 %, p = 0,002). No se observaron diferencias en RG ≥ 200 ml (p = 0,47) ni vómito (p = 0,31) entre ambos grupos. No se observaron diferencias en episodios de diarrea (10 % en PS vs. 4,7 % en PP, p = 0,36). El estreñimiento fue común en ambos grupos de estudio (95 vs. 82 %, p = 0,06). Conclusiones: la PP no se relaciona con una mayor incidencia de intolerancias a la alimentación. El uso rutinario de procinéticos durante la PP continua puede ayudar a prevenir la incidencia de dichas intolerancias. Es necesario el desarrollo de algoritmos para la prevención y tratamiento de las intolerancias a la alimentación para evitar interrupciones en la NE y desenlaces no deseables. (AU)

[Controversy 2: Enteral nutrition care in critical patients]. / Controversia 2. Cuidados de la nutrición enteral en el paciente crítico.

Introduction: Controversy 2: Enteral nutrition care in critical patients.

Introducción: Controversia 2. Cuidados de la nutrición enteral en el paciente crítico.

[El reto de evaluar la situación nutricional de los pacientes y su evolución durante el tratamiento. Desde el paciente crítico hasta el paciente ambulatorio (I)]. / El reto de evaluar la situación nutricional de los pacientes y su evolución durante el tratamiento. Desde el paciente crítico hasta el paciente ambulatorio (I).

Introduction: El reto de evaluar la situación nutricional de los pacientes y su evolución durante el tratamiento. Desde el paciente crítico hasta el paciente ambulatorio (I).

Introducción: El reto de evaluar la situación nutricional de los pacientes y su evolución durante el tratamiento. Desde el paciente crítico hasta el paciente ambulatorio (I).

[The challenge of assessing a patient's nutritional status and its evolution during treatment. From critical patients to outpatients (II)]. / El reto de evaluar la situación nutricional de los pacientes y su evolución durante el tratamiento. Desde el paciente crítico hasta el paciente ambulatorio (II).

Introduction: The challenge of assessing a patient's nutritional status and its evolution during treatment. From critical patients to outpatients (II).

Introducción: El reto de evaluar la situación nutricional de los pacientes y su evolución durante el tratamiento. Desde el paciente crítico hasta el paciente ambulatorio (II).

Feeding intolerance during prolonged prone position in overweight and obese patients with severe COVID-19.

Introduction: Objective: the aim of this study was to compare the incidence rate of feeding intolerance (FI) during supine (SP) or prone positioning (PP) in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Methods: this was a retrospective cohort study of critically ill patients with overweight or obesity who received enteral nutrition (EN) in prone or supine positioning continuously during the first five days of mechanical ventilation. Nutritional risk, anthropometric measurements and body composition were assessed at the first 24 hours upon Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission. Biochemical and clinical variables (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment [SOFA], Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II [APACHE II], Acute Kidney Injury [AKI] or comorbidities diagnosis) were collected. Pharmacotherapy (prokinetics, sedatives or neuromuscular blocking agents) and FI incidence (gastric residual volume [GRV] ≥ 200 ml or ≥ 500 ml, vomiting or diarrhea) were daily recorded. Constipation was defined as the absence of evacuation for five consecutive days. Results: eighty-two patients were included. Higher rate of prophylactic prokinetic prescription was observed in PP (42.8 vs 12.5 %, p = 0.002). GRV ≥ 200 in supine position was not different when compared to PP (p = 0.47). Vomiting episodes in supine compared to PP showed no difference between groups (15 % vs 24 %, p = 0.31). No differences in diarrhea events were detected (10 % vs 4.7 %, p = 0.36). Constipation was common in both groups (95 % vs 82 %, p = 0.06). Conclusion: FI during prone position was not different in comparison to supine position. Routinely use of prokinetics in continuous prone position may help to prevent FI incidence. Algorithm development is necessary for FI prevention and treatment so to avoid EN interruptions and adverse clinical outcomes.

Introducción: Objetivo: comparar la incidencia de intolerancia a la alimentación entre pacientes críticos en posición supino (PS) o prono (PP). Métodos: cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes bajo ventilación mecánica por distrés respiratorio por COVID-19 y sobrepeso y obesidad, quienes recibieron nutrición enteral (NE) en PP o PS. Se evaluaron riesgo nutricional, mediciones antropométricas y composición corporal en las primeras 24 horas de ingreso a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI). Se recolectaron variables bioquímicas y clínicas (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment [SOFA], Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II [APACHE II], lesión renal aguda y otras comorbilidades). Se registró el esquema de farmacoterapia prescrita durante los primeros cinco días (procinéticos, sedantes y bloqueadores neuromusculares). Se evaluó la incidencia de intolerancia a la alimentación, definida como la presencia de residuo gástrico (RG) ≥ 200 o ≥ 500 ml, vómito, diarrea o estreñimiento. Resultados: fueron incluidos 82 pacientes. Se observó una mayor prescripción de procinéticos como terapia profiláctica en PP (42,8 vs. 12,5 %, p = 0,002). No se observaron diferencias en RG ≥ 200 ml (p = 0,47) ni vómito (p = 0,31) entre ambos grupos. No se observaron diferencias en episodios de diarrea (10 % en PS vs. 4,7 % en PP, p = 0,36). El estreñimiento fue común en ambos grupos de estudio (95 vs. 82 %, p = 0,06). Conclusiones: la PP no se relaciona con una mayor incidencia de intolerancias a la alimentación. El uso rutinario de procinéticos durante la PP continua puede ayudar a prevenir la incidencia de dichas intolerancias. Es necesario el desarrollo de algoritmos para la prevención y tratamiento de las intolerancias a la alimentación para evitar interrupciones en la NE y desenlaces no deseables.

Hipoalbuminemia y riesgo de muerte en pacientes críticos en una unidad polivalente

Introducción: La hipoalbuminemia se puede desarrollar en las primeras horas posteriores a una enfermedad aguda y está muy relacionada con un estado inflamatorio activo, independientemente del estado nutricional del paciente. Se ha asociado con la mortalidad hospitalaria en pacientes con complicaciones postquirúrgicas, pacientes con sepsis y trauma. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre los niveles de hipoalbuminemia y el riesgo de mortalidad del paciente crítico en una unidad polivalente. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, prospectivo, de serie de casos, con 216 pacientes que ingresaron en la unidad. Se analizaron variables demográficas, clínicas, de laboratorio y se aplicó el índice pronóstico APACHE II. Se determinó la concentración de albúmina al ingreso y se clasificó la hipoalbuminemia en leve (30-35 g/L) y moderada/grave (≤ 30 g/L). Resultados: En el estudio fallecieron 28 pacientes, lo que representó un 13 % del total de pacientes ingresados. La albúmina presentó niveles bajos en 118 pacientes (54,6 %), y de estos, 66 (56 %) presentaron cifras inferiores a los 30 g/L; o sea, una hipoalbuminemia moderada o grave. Los pacientes con hipoalbuminemia moderada-grave tuvieron un riesgo de muerte superior (23,5 %) a aquellos con niveles clasificados como leve (15,3 %), diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p= 0,034); y en el grupo de pacientes con hipoalbuminemia moderada- grave falleció el 67 %, en relación con el 33 % de los pacientes con niveles clasificados como leve. Conclusiones: La hipoalbuminemia moderada-grave se asocia con el riesgo de mortalidad, independientemente del diagnóstico al ingreso.

Introduction: Hypoalbuminemia can develop in the first hours after an acute illness, and is closely related to an active inflammatory state, regardless of the patient's nutritional status. It has been associated with hospital mortality in patients with post-surgical complications, patients with sepsis and trauma. Objective: To evaluate the association between hypoalbuminemia level and the risk of mortality in critically ill patients in a polyvalent unit. Methods: Observational, descriptive, prospective, case series study, with 216 patients admitted to the unit. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables were analyzed and the APACHE II prognostic score was applied. Albumin concentration is calculated on admission and hypoalbuminemia is classified as mild (30-35 g/L) and moderate/severe (≤ 30 g/L). Results: In the study, 28 patients died, which represented 13% of the total number of patients admitted. Albumin levels were low in 118 patients (54.6%), and of these 66 patients (56%) were classified as hypoalbuminemia moderate/severe, with albumin values below 30 g/L. Patients with moderate-severe hypoalbuminemia had a higher risk of death (23.5%) than those patients with levels classified as mild (15.3%), a statistically significant difference (p= 0.034); and in the group of patients with moderate-severe hypoalbuminemia, 67% died, in relation to 33% of patients with levels classified as mild. Conclusions: Moderate-severe hypoalbuminemia is associated with mortality risk, regardless of admission diagnosis.

Eficacia de la tromboprofilaxis con heparina de bajo peso molecular en pacientes críticos con COVID-19: estudio observacional, prospectivo y multicéntrico / Effectiveness of thromboprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin in critically ill patients with COVID-19. An observational prospective, multicenter study

Introducción: Los pacientes COVID-19 presentan una coagulopatía caracterizada por una elevada incidencia de complicaciones tromboembólicas. Ante la controversia existente sobre el manejo de la tromboprofilaxis, se llevó a cabo un estudio con el objetivo de analizar el efecto de las diferentes dosis de heparina de bajo peso molecular (HBPM) utilizadas en los pacientes críticos con COVID-19. Material y métodos: Se evaluaron datos del Reg-COVID-19. Se compararon 2 grupos de pacientes según la dosis de HBPM administrada: profilaxis y tratamiento. El objetivo primario fue determinar si había relación de la dosis de HBPM con la mortalidad. Los objetivos secundarios incluyeron la incidencia de eventos trombóticos y hemorrágicos, la duración de la estancia en la UCI, la ventilación mecánica invasiva y los parámetros trombóticos e inflamatorios. Resultados: Se analizaron datos de 720 pacientes, 258 en el grupo de profilaxis y 462 en el de tratamiento. La proteína C reactiva, la ventilación mecánica invasiva y el tratamiento con tocilizumab o corticosteroides se relacionaron con la elección de la dosis de HBPM. La incidencia de complicaciones hemorrágicas (66/720, 9,2%) y trombóticas (69/720, 9,6%) fue similar en ambos grupos, al igual que el curso temporal de los eventos trombóticos, que ocurrieron antes que los hemorrágicos (9 [3-18] y 12 [6-19] días, respectivamente). La mortalidad fue menor en el grupo de profilaxis (25,2 frente al 35,1%), pero al aplicar un modelo de ponderación de probabilidad inversa, no se encontraron diferencias entre los grupos. Conclusión: No se encontraron efectos beneficiosos ni perjudiciales relacionados con la administración de dosis profilácticas o terapéuticas de HBPM en pacientes críticos COVID-19, con una tasa similar de complicaciones hemorrágicas o trombóticas. A partir de estos resultados, consideramos que son necesarios más estudios para determinar el protocolo óptimo de tromboprofilaxis en estos pacientes.(AU)

Introduction: COVID-19 induces coagulopathy associated with an increase of thromboembolic events. Due to the lack of agreement on recommendations for thromboprophylactic management, the aim of this study was to study the dosages of LMWH used in critically ill COVID-19 patients assessing the effect on their outcome. Metohds: We evaluated data of the Reg-COVID19. According to LMWH dose two groups were analyzed: prophylaxis and treatment. Primary outcome was the relationship of LMWH dosage with mortality. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of thrombotic and bleeding events, length of ICU stay, invasive mechanical ventilation, and thrombotic and inflammatory parameters. Results: Data of 720 patients were analyzed, 258 in the prophylaxis group and 462 in the treatment group. C Reactive Protein, invasive mechanical ventilation, tocilizumab and corticosteroid treatments were related with the choice of LMWH dose. Hemorrhagic events (66/720, 9.2%) and thrombotic complications (69/720, 9.6%) were similar in both groups (P=.819 and P=.265), as was the time course of the thrombotic events, earlier than hemorrhagic ones (9 [3-18] and 12 [6-19] days respectively). Mortality was lower in prophylaxis group (25.2% versus 35.1%), but once an inverse probability weighting model was applied, we found no effect of LMWH dose. Conclusion: We found no benefit or harm with the administration of therapeutic or prophylactic LMWH dose in COVID19 critically ill patients. With a similar rate of hemorrhagic or thrombotic events, the LMWH dose had no influence on mortality. More studies are needed to determine the optimal thromboprophylaxis protocol for critically ill patients.(AU)

Effectiveness of thromboprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin in critically ill patients with COVID-19. An observational prospective, multicenter study.

INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 induces coagulopathy associated with an increase of thromboembolic events. Due to the lack of agreement on recommendations for thromboprophylactic management, the aim of this study was to study the dosages of LMWH used in critically ill COVID-19 patients assessing the effect on their outcome. METHODS: We evaluated data of the Reg-COVID19. According to LMWH dose two groups were analyzed: prophylaxis and treatment. Primary outcome was the relationship of LMWH dosage with mortality. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of thrombotic and bleeding events, length of ICU stay, invasive mechanical ventilation, and thrombotic and inflammatory parameters. RESULTS: Data of 720 patients were analyzed, 258 in the prophylaxis group and 462 in the treatment group. C Reactive Protein, invasive mechanical ventilation, tocilizumab and corticosteroid treatments were related with the choice of LMWH dose. Hemorrhagic events (66/720, 9.2%) and thrombotic complications (69/720, 9.6%) were similar in both groups (p = .819 and p = .265), as was the time course of the thrombotic events, earlier than hemorrhagic ones (9 [3-18] and 12 [6-19] days respectively). Mortality was lower in prophylaxis group (25.2% versus 35.1%), but once an inverse probability weighting model was applied, we found no effect of LMWH dose. CONCLUSION: We found no benefit or harm with the administration of therapeutic or prophylactic LMWH dose in COVID19 critically ill patients. With a similar rate of hemorrhagic or thrombotic events, the LMWH dose had no influence on mortality. More studies are needed to determine the optimal thromboprophylaxis protocol for critically ill patients.

Impact of the "Zero Resistance" program on acquisition of multidrug-resistant bacteria in patients admitted to Intensive Care Units in Spain. A prospective, intervention, multimodal, multicenter study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of a multimodal interventional project ("Zero Resistance") on the acquisition of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR-B) during the patient's ICU stay. DESIGN: Prospective, open-label, interventional, multicenter study. SETTING: 103 ICUs. PATIENTS: Critically ill patients admitted to the ICUs over a 27-month period. INTERVENTIONS: Implementation of a bundle of 10 recommendations to prevent emergence and spread of MDR-B in the ICU. MAIN VARIABLE OF INTEREST: Rate of patients acquiring MDR-B during their ICU stay, with differentiation between colonization and infection. RESULTS: A total of 139,505 patients were included. In 5409 (3.9%) patients, 6020 MDR-B on ICU admission were identified, and in 3648 (2.6%) patients, 4269 new MDR-B during ICU stay were isolated. The rate of patients with MDR-B detected on admission increased significantly (IRR 1.43, 95% CI 1.31-1.56) (p<0.001) during the study period, with an increase of 32.2% between the initial and final monthly rates. On the contrary, the rate of patients with MDR-B during ICU stay decreased non-significantly (IRR 0.93, 95% CI 0.83-1.03) (p=0.174), with a 24.9% decrease between initial and final monthly rates. According to the classification into colonization or infection, there was a highly significant increase of MDR-B colonizations detected on admission (IRR 1.69, 95% CI 1.52-1.83; p<0.0001) and a very significant decrease of MDR-B-infections during ICU stay (IRR 0.67, 95% CI 0.57-0.80, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of ZR project-recommendations was associated with a significantly reduction an infection produced by MDR-B acquired during the patient's ICU stay.

Impacto de la COVID-19 en la salud del paciente poscrítico / Impact of the COVID-19 on health of critical patient

Introducción: Muchos pacientes perciben síntomas persistentes y deterioro en su calidad de vida tras la COVID-19. El paciente crítico es vulnerable a presentar alteraciones físicas y emocionales. El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar la situación funcional y la calidad de vida del paciente poscrítico por la COVID-19. Métodos: Se ha realizado un estudio multicéntrico longitudinal prospectivo en pacientes hospitalizados críticos por la COVID-19 con un seguimiento a 6 meses. Se han recogido variables sociodemográficas, comorbilidad, síntomas persistentes, escala SPPB; repercusión respiratoria y TAC pulmonar, índice de Barthel; variables neuropsicológicas, actividad física (escala IPAQ); calidad de vida (EuroQoL), y satisfacción. Resultados: Se han incluido 115 pacientes. El 75% son varones y el 86% obesos o con sobrepeso. El tiempo medio de hospitalización fue de 38,1±18,4 días, precisando ventilación mecánica el 80,9%. El 25% necesitaba ayuda de otra persona para su autocuidado al alta. El 29,2% presentaba normalidad en la TAC pulmonar a los 134,1+70,9 días. A los 6 meses la recuperación funcional fue favorable, aunque el 36,5% percibía debilidad muscular y el 22% presentaba fragilidad. Un 36,5% de los pacientes refirieron falta de concentración. La dimensión más afectada en la calidad de vida fue la referida al dolor (53%), seguida de la ansiedad o depresión. La mayoría realizaba actividad física baja. La satisfacción por el seguimiento clínico fue elevada. Conclusiones: En los pacientes poscríticos por la COVID-19, a los 6 meses del alta hospitalaria prevalecen alteraciones físicas, funcionales y en la calidad de vida.(AU)

Introduction: Many patients perceive persistent symptoms and impairment in their quality of life after COVID-19. The critical patient is vulnerable to presenting physical and emotional alterations. The objective of this study is to assess the functional evolution and quality of life of the critical patient due to COVID-19. Methods: A prospective longitudinal multicenter study was carried out in critically ill hospitalized patients due to COVID-19 with a 6 month follow-up. Sociodemographic variables, comorbidity, the persistence of symptoms, SPPB scale, pulmonary and respiratory impact, CT scan, Barthel index, neuropsychological variables, physical activity (IPAQ scale), quality of life (Euroqol), and satisfaction were collected. Results: 115 patients were included. 75% are male and 86% are obese or overweight. The average time of hospitalization was 38.1±18.4 days, with 80.9% requiring mechanical ventilation. 25% need help from another person for self-care at discharge. 29.2% had a normal CT lung screening at 134.1+70.9 days. At 6 months, functional recovery is favorable, although 36.5% perceive muscle weakness and 22% present fragility. 36.5% of patients report a lack of concentration. The most affected dimension in quality of life is that referred to pain (53%), followed by anxiety or depression. Most perform low physical activity. Satisfaction with clinical follow-up is high. Conclusions: In post-critical patients due to COVID-19, physical, functional, and quality of life alterations prevail at 6 months after hospital discharge.(AU)

[Impact of the COVID-19 on health of critical patient]. / Impacto de la COVID-19 en la salud del paciente poscrítico.

INTRODUCTION: Many patients perceive persistent symptoms and impairment in their quality of life after COVID-19. The critical patient is vulnerable to presenting physical and emotional alterations. The objective of this study is to assess the functional evolution and quality of life of the critical patient due to COVID-19. METHODS: A prospective longitudinal multicenter study was carried out in critically ill hospitalized patients due to COVID-19 with a 6 month follow-up. Sociodemographic variables, comorbidity, the persistence of symptoms, SPPB scale, pulmonary and respiratory impact, CT scan, Barthel index, neuropsychological variables, physical activity (IPAQ scale), quality of life (Euroqol), and satisfaction were collected. RESULTS: 115 patients were included. 75% are male and 86% are obese or overweight. The average time of hospitalization was 38.1±18.4 days, with 80.9% requiring mechanical ventilation. 25% need help from another person for self-care at discharge. 29.2% had a normal CT lung screening at 134.1+70.9 days. At 6 months, functional recovery is favorable, although 36.5% perceive muscle weakness and 22% present fragility. 36.5% of patients report a lack of concentration. The most affected dimension in quality of life is that referred to pain (53%), followed by anxiety or depression. Most perform low physical activity. Satisfaction with clinical follow-up is high. CONCLUSIONS: In post-critical patients due to COVID-19, physical, functional, and quality of life alterations prevail at 6 months after hospital discharge.

Sentimientos y emociones de los pacientes en el proceso de alta de UCI / Feelings And Emotions That Emerge From The Experience Of Being Discharged From An ICU

Introducción El alta de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) a la sala de hospitalización activa el sistema afectivo de los pacientes provocando la aparición de sentimientos asociados al proceso de transición. Los objetivos de este trabajo son conocer los sentimientos y emociones que emergen de la experiencia de ser dado de alta de una UCI e identificar los factores que desencadenan bienestar y malestar emocional en los pacientes. Método Estudio cualitativo y descriptivo con enfoque fenomenológico en un hospital de tercer nivel de Barcelona. Se realizaron 20 entrevistas en profundidad para la recogida de datos. Resultados Se identificaron sentimientos y emociones agradables que provocan bienestar cuando se produce la transferencia: Alegría, satisfacción y seguridad, y sentimientos desagradables que producen malestar: Ansiedad, tristeza, miedo, rabia, desprotección y ambivalencia de sentimientos. Conclusiones Es necesaria una reflexión sobre el gran número de sentimientos que evoca el alta de la UCI a la sala de hospitalización y cuáles son los desencadenantes que los provocan para poder trabajar en ellos y propiciar un alta de UCI emocionalmente saludable. (AU)

Introduction: Discharge from the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) to the hospitalization ward activates the affective system of patients, causing the appearance of feelings associated with the transition process. The objectives of this thesis are to know the feelings and emotions that emerge from the experience of being discharged from an ICU and to identify the factors that trigger well-being and emotional discomfort in patients. Methodology: Qualitative and descriptive study with a phenomenological approach in a third level hospital in Barcelona. Twenty in-depth interviews were conducted for data collection. Results: The pleasant feelings and emotions that cause wellbeing when the transfer occurs identified were: Joy, satisfaction and security. The unpleasant feelings that cause discomfort identified were: Anxiety, sadness, fear, anger, lack of protection and ambivalence of feelings. Conclusions: It is necessary to reflect on the large number of feelings that being discharged from the ICU to the hospital ward evokes and what are the triggers that provoke them in order to work on them and promote an emotionally healthy discharge from the ICU. (AU)

Trombocitopenia no paciente crítico oncológico e sua relação com a ocorrência de sangramentos / Thrombocytopenia in critical cancer patients and its relationship with the occurrence of bleeding

INTRODUÇÃO: A trombocitopenia é uma complicação comum em pacientes com câncer e nos pacientes críticos. A trombocitopenia está associada a maior mortalidade e sangramento nestas populações, porém não está descrita a associação do nível de plaquetas com sangramentos nos pacientes críticos com câncer. Também é escassa a descrição dos desfechos da trombocitopenia e da transfusão profilática de plaquetas em pacientes críticos com câncer. Finalmente não foi avaliado se o tipo de câncer está associado a sangramento espontâneo em pacientes críticos com câncer. OBJETIVO: Descrever as características e desfechos dos pacientes críticos com câncer e trombocitopenia grave na internação na UTI. Avaliar a associação do nível da trombocitopenia e do tipo de câncer (tumor sólido ou câncer hematológico) com a ocorrência de sangramentos espontâneos nos pacientes críticos com câncer. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional com dados coletados prospectivamente que analisou pacientes críticos com câncer em atividade e trombocitopenia grave na internação na UTI. O desfecho primário do estudo foi a ocorrência de sangramentos espontâneos. Para estudar a associação entre nível plaquetário ou tipo de câncer com a ocorrência de sangramentos espontâneo foi usada uma regressão logística ajustada para confundidores reconhecidos por directed acyclic graph. RESULTADOS: As características dos pacientes críticos com câncer na internação e durante a estadia na UTI são majoritariamente similares entre pacientes com e sem sangramento, e entre pacientes com sangramento maior ou menor. Todos os pacientes que tiveram sangramento espontâneo não haviam recebido transfusão profilática de plaquetas nas 24 horas que precederam o sangramento. O tipo de câncer não foi associado ao sangramento espontâneo com razão de chance ajustada de com neoplasias hematológicas de 0,6 (0,4-1,2). Níveis baixos de plaquetas foram associados a maior frequência de sangramentos espontâneos. A razão de chance ajustada para nível de plaquetas entre 20 e 49 x 109 /l foi de 4,5 (1,1-19,1), enquanto a razão de chance ajustada para nível de plaquetas < 20 x 109 /L foi de 17,4 (3,9-77,8). CONCLUSÃO: Mostramos a associação entre menores níveis de contagens de plaquetas com maior incidência de sangramento vii espontâneo em pacientes críticos com câncer. No entanto, não houve associação do tipo de câncer com sangramento espontâneo.

INTRODUCTION: Thrombocytopenia is a common complication in cancer patients and critically ill patients. Thrombocytopenia is associated with higher mortality and bleeding in these populations, but the association of platelet levels with bleeding in critically ill patients with cancer has not been well described. There are also few descriptions of the outcomes of thrombocytopenia and prophylactic platelet transfusion in critically ill patients with cancer. Finally, whether the type of cancer is associated with spontaneous bleeding, in critically ill cancer patients it has not been evaluated. OBJECTIVE: Describe the characteristics and outcomes of critically ill patients with cancer and severe thrombocytopenia when admitted to the ICU and evaluate the association between the level of thrombocytopenia and the type of cancer (solid tumor or hematological cancer) with the occurrence of spontaneous bleeding in critically ill patients with cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational study with prospectively collected data that analyzed critically ill patients with active cancer and severe thrombocytopenia during ICU admission. The primary outcome of the study was the occurrence of spontaneous bleeding. To study the association between platelet level or type of cancer with the occurrence of spontaneous bleeding, a logistic regression adjusted for confounders recognized by directed acyclic graph was used. RESULTS: The characteristics of critically ill patients with cancer at admission and during the ICU stay are mostly similar between patients with and without bleeding, and between patients with major or minor bleeding. All patients who had spontaneous bleeding had not received prophylactic platelet transfusions in 24 hours preceding the bleeding. The type of cancer was not associated with spontaneous bleeding with an adjusted odds ratio of with hematologic malignancies of 0.6 (0.4-1.2). Low platelet levels have been associated with a higher frequency of spontaneous bleeding. The adjusted odds ratio for a platelet level between 49 and 20 x 109 /L was 4.5 (1.1- 19.1), while the adjusted odds ratio for a platelet level < 20 x 109 /L was 17.4 (3.9-77.8). CONCLUSION: We showed the association between lower levels of platelet counts and a higher incidence of spontaneous bleeding in critically ill cancer patients. However, there was no association between the type of cancer and spontaneous bleeding.

Gait analysis of a patient with severe motor impairment post- intensive care due to COVID-19: 1 year follow up and physical therapy / Análise da marcha de paciente com comprometimento motor grave após terapia intensiva por COVID-19: acompanhamento de 1 ano e fisioterapia

Abstract Introduction Viral infections, such as infection by SARS-CoV-2, can affect gait biomechanics, but this effect can be overlapped by consequences of critical illness and time in intensive care unit. Objective To report biomechanical alterations during the clinical evolution of a post-COVID-19 patient who presented severe motor impairment after intensive care. Methods Data was collected from the patient's chart at José Silveira Foundation and previous medical reports from the hospitalization period. The patient was wheelchair bound, with physiotherapy twice a week, and by the end of 1-year follow-up was able to walk independently. Three-dimensional gait analysis with kinetics and electromyography were conducted at three time points. Results All spatiotemporal gait parameters, kinematic, kinetic and electromyographic data was importantly altered when compared to the normal range of values. With physiotherapy, gait quality indicators showed important improvements and all muscles presented a significant increase in the magnitude of the electromyographic signal (at least a two-fold increase). Trunk kinematic alterations decreased significantly during this period. Kinetic and kinematic changes perceived in the hips, knees and ankles showed approximation to the expected pattern, however still without normalizing, and patient's muscle coordination improved over time. Conclusion This report has great clinical importance, as it describes, using an instrumented gait laboratory, the evolution of a patient with severe motor impairment post intensive care due to COVID-19, a condition in lack of description in the literature, which will help health professionals in the planning of rehabilitation strategies.

Resumo Introdução Infecções virais, como a infecção por SARS-CoV-2, podem afetar a biomecânica da marcha, mas esse efeito pode ser sobreposto por consequências de doença crítica e tempo em unidade de terapia intensiva. Objetivo Relatar as alterações biomecânicas durante a evolução clínica de um paciente pós-COVID-19 que apresentou comprometimento motor severo após terapia intensiva. Métodos Os dados foram coletados a partir do prontuário do paciente na Fundação José Silveira e dos relatórios médicos anteriores referentes ao período de inter-nação. O paciente estava em cadeira de rodas, com fisioterapia duas vezes por semana, e ao final de 1 ano de acompanhamento era capaz de deambular de forma independente. A análise tridimensional da marcha com cinética e eletromiografia foi realizada em três momentos. Resultados Todos os parâmetros espaço-temporais da marcha, dados cinemáticos, cinéticos e eletromiográficos estavam significativamente alterados quando comparados com a faixa normal de valores. Com a fisioterapia, os indicadores de qualidade da marcha apresentaram melhorias importantes e todos os músculos apresentaram um aumento significativo na magnitude do sinal eletromiográfico (aumento de pelo menos duas vezes). As alterações cinemáticas do tronco diminuíram significativamente neste período. As alterações cinéticas e cinemáticas percebidas nos quadris, joelhos e tornozelos mostraram aproximação do padrão esperado, porém ainda sem normalização, e a coordenação muscular do paciente melhorou com o passar do tempo. Conclusão Este relato é de grande importância clínica, pois descreve, por meio de um laboratório de marcha instrumentado, a evolução de um paciente com comprometimento motor severo após terapia intensiva por COVID-19, quadro pouco descrito na literatura, o que ajudará profissionais de saúde no planejamento de estratégias de reabilitação.